Can You Get Vaginal Cancer After a Hysterectomy?

A hysterectomy is a surgery to remove the uterus and, sometimes, other nearby parts like the cervix.

It’s done for different reasons, such as treating uterine problems, fibroids, or cancer. Many people assume that once they’ve had a hysterectomy, their risk of developing gynecological cancers is gone. 

While a hysterectomy does lower the chances of some cancers, it does not eliminate the risk of vaginal cancer, which forms in the vaginal walls.

This blog will explain what vaginal cancer is, how a hysterectomy affects your risks, and steps you can take to stay healthy and informed.

What is Vaginal Cancer?

Vaginal cancer is a rare type of cancer that develops in the tissues lining the inside of the vagina. It’s different from cancers of the uterus (uterine cancer) or cervix (cervical cancer).

Types of Vaginal Cancer

1.Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• This is the most common type, starting in the thin, flat cells lining the vagina.

2.Adenocarcinoma

• This type develops in areas that produce fluids, like glandular cells in the vaginal lining.

3.Other Rare Types

• These include vaginal melanoma (which starts in pigment-producing cells) or sarcoma (which starts in soft tissues).

What is a Hysterectomy?

A hysterectomy is a surgery where the uterus is removed. There are different types of hysterectomies, depending on the condition being treated:

• Partial Hysterectomy: Removes only the uterus, leaving the cervix in place.
• Total Hysterectomy: Removes both the uterus and cervix.
• Radical Hysterectomy: Removes the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and sometimes nearby tissue—often done for cancer.

Although a hysterectomy reduces the risk of cancers tied to the uterus or cervix, it does not remove the vaginal tissues where vaginal cancer can develop.

Can You Get Vaginal Cancer After a Hysterectomy?

1. Risk After a Hysterectomy

Yes, it’s possible to develop vaginal cancer after a hysterectomy. This is because vaginal cancer forms in the lining of the vagina, which stays in the body after the surgery. Removing the uterus or cervix doesn’t impact the vaginal tissues directly.

2. Risk by Type of Hysterectomy

• Partial Hysterectomy: If the cervix is left intact, there’s still some risk tied to conditions like HPV (human papillomavirus), which can cause cellular changes.
• Total/Radical Hysterectomy: These surgeries remove the cervix, lowering the risk of cervical cancer but not vaginal cancer.

3. Role of HPV

HPV is one of the leading causes of vaginal cancer. This virus can infect cells in the vaginal lining, increasing the chances of abnormal changes over time, even if the uterus or cervix has been removed.

Factors That Can Increase Vaginal Cancer Risk After a Hysterectomy

Several factors can raise the chance of developing vaginal cancer, including after a hysterectomy:

• Age: Most vaginal cancer cases are found in women over 60.
• HPV Infection: Persistent HPV infections create a higher risk of vaginal cancer.
• Previous Cancer: If you’ve had cervical or uterine cancer, your risk of vaginal cancer may go up.
• Smoking: Smoking weakens your immune system and can damage vaginal cells.
• Weak Immune System: Conditions like HIV or taking medications that suppress immunity increase risk.

Symptoms of Vaginal Cancer to Watch For

Even after a hysterectomy, it’s important to watch for these symptoms:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding (like bleeding after menopause or unrelated to hormones).
• Pelvic pain or discomfort during sex.
• A noticeable lump or mass in the vaginal area.
• Persistent itching or irritation in the vagina.
  
  If you notice any of these symptoms, see your vaginal cancer doctor as soon as possible.

How is Vaginal Cancer Diagnosed?

After a hysterectomy, it’s still essential to have regular pelvic exams. These exams can help detect unusual changes in your vaginal tissues. Diagnosis often involves:

• Physical Examination: Your doctor will check the vaginal tissues during a pelvic exam.
• Imaging Tests: Scans like MRIs or CT scans can give a detailed picture if something looks suspicious.
• Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken and studied under a microscope to confirm if cancer is present.

How is Vaginal Cancer Treated?

Treatments for Early Stage Cancer

• Surgery: This can involve removing the cancerous tissue directly.
• Radiation Therapy: Focuses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, often paired with surgery.

Treatments for Advanced Cancer

• Radiation and Chemotherapy Together: Used when the cancer has spread to other areas.
• Targeted Therapy: Newer treatments focus on attacking cancer cells without harming healthy ones. They may be offered in clinical trials.

Can Vaginal Cancer Be Prevented After a Hysterectomy?

Even though vaginal cancer is rare, you can take steps to lower your risk:

• Get the HPV Vaccine: This is effective in preventing the types of HPV that are linked to vaginal cancer.
• Keep Up with Regular Exams: Pelvic exams can help catch problems early, even if you no longer have a uterus or cervix.
• Quit Smoking: Smoking can weaken your body’s ability to fight off HPV infections and damages healthy cells.
• Practice Safe Sex: HPV spreads through sexual contact, so using condoms can help prevent the virus.

FAQs About Vaginal Cancer and Hysterectomy

1.Does a hysterectomy protect me from all cancers?

No, it can lower your risk of uterine and cervical cancers, but vaginal cancer is still possible.

2.How often should I have pelvic exams after a hysterectomy?

Even without a uterus, you should have pelvic exams every 1-3 years, depending on your doctor’s advice.

3.Can HPV cause cancer if I’ve had a hysterectomy?

Yes, HPV can still affect the vaginal tissues, leading to cancerous changes.

4.Is vaginal cancer treatable if caught early?

Yes, early-stage vaginal cancer responds well to treatment, with good survival rates.

5.Does age affect my risk of vaginal cancer?

Yes, the chance increases as you get older, especially after age 60.

Final Thoughts

While a hysterectomy lowers the risk of some cancers, it’s important to remember that vaginal cancer is still a possibility. Staying informed, getting regular check-ups, and taking preventive steps, like HPV vaccination and quitting smoking, can go a long way in protecting your health.

Call-to-Action

If you’ve had a hysterectomy and notice unusual symptoms like vaginal bleeding or pain, don’t ignore them. Schedule a check-up with your doctor today. Prevention and early detection are key to staying healthy. Take control of your well-being—your body will thank you!

Noticed unusual bleeding or discomfort after a hysterectomy?
Consult Dr. Praveen Kammar, the leading vaginal cancer specialist in Mumbai.

Book your check-up today for expert care and peace of mind.